Rules of Evidence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rules of Evidence - Assignment Example ‘if it is offered to prove a fact that is at issue in the case.’(DiCarlo 2008) For evidence to be considered admissible it has ‘to show motive, plan, intent, or lack of mistake or, in federal court, to impeach a witnesss credibility (DiCarlo 2008). In the recent case against a man named Duena who is currently facing the death sentence after denied appeals he had been charged with killing police officer 1n 1997 .The evidence presented can be said to be both circumstantial and direct. Circumstantial evidence needs to be further interfered with so as to connect it to the actual crime. Some of the circumstantial evidence presented in this case is the murder weapon with Duena’s finger prints on it, another circumstantial piece of evidence in this case is the use of computer animation to illustrate that this crime was actually predetermined. It has also been determined that he was at the scene of the crime when the police officer was shot dead (Ansari 2012) According to Californian law substitutions of evidence are the alternatives to normal contemporary evidence provided in court to show prove that a crime was committed. These are useful to the court when circumstantial and direct evidence are both unavailable. The prosecution or defence is allowed to use substitutions of evidence when presenting factual information that is well known by the general public and can prove their arguments. Another substitute to evidence is when alluding to the testimony of an expected witness. Jury selection is the method of choosing individuals who will serve in a judicial trial. This procedure involves the participation of both the prosecution and the defence and the whole process is overseen by the judge on the particular case. Suitable group of jury members are presented before the prosecution and the defence in the presence of a judge, these potential jurors are each asked questions related to the case .This ensures there is no bias or personal affiliation with the case

English Imperialism and Representations Essay Example for Free

English Imperialism and Representations Essay In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest Prospero, an exiled Naples duke, and his daughter, Miranda, are marooned on a remote island with the lone indigenous[1] inhabitant, a beast man named Caliban. Through his sorcery Prospero is able to enslave Caliban, the indigene, who toils for the benefit of Prospero and Miranda, the usurping colonial powers. While it is unclear if Shakespeare intended The Tempest to mirror English imperialism during the late 16th and 17th century, there are many congruencies between events in the play and events around the time of the play’s first performance in 1611. To begin with, in order to analyze these congruencies a brief overview of England’s New World[2] exploration and colonization is necessary. Next, Gonzalo’s interest in the island and his â€Å"plantation† scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World. In addition, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts of indigenous people and the colonizers in an imperial relationship. Finally, the question remains if Caliban represents specifically Native Americans or broadly represents subjugated indigenous people by English colonization. Shakespeare’s The Tempest metaphorically represents English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of its cultural production. During the life of Shakespeare, especially around the time of the first performance of The Tempest, Europe engaged in imperialistic activities throughout the New World. In addition, during Shakespeare’s lifetime, England’s imperialistic activities would play a larger role in the country’s interests and developments. In Alden T. Vaughan article â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Native,† Vaughan describes how English perceptions of the Native Americans developed over the course of the 16th century. The English, while interested in the New World, did not play an active role in its initial exploration: â€Å"English people in the Tudor era lagged noticeably behind other Europeans in learning about the Americas. For nearly a century, English interest in the New World was surprisingly tangential, more a matter of curiosity than of conquest and based primarily on foreign rather than on English observation† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). For a majority of the 16th century the English received second hand accounts (writings and illustrations) of the New World. However, the English did make limited forays into developing first hand knowledge of the New World. Vaughan states, â€Å"The first document contact between the English and the Indians occurred in about 1502, when Sebastian Cabot†¦brought back [three men taken from Newfoundland]† (â€Å"People,† 14), but he continues, â€Å"Not until 1530, apparently, were other Indians brought to England, and not until 1553 did an English publisher issue a book with appreciable attention to America’s inhabitants† (â€Å"People,† 14). While slow to capitalize on exploring and colonizing the New World, the English â€Å"[became] actively involved in the exploration and conquest of the [Americas] and its peoples. Thereafter, England’s image of American natives reflected uniquely English experiences and expectations† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). One of the significant imperialist ventures around the time Shakespeare wrote The Tempest was the Jamestown colony. The English founded Jamestown in 1607, four years prior to the first performance of The Tempest. While a contemporary critic can only speculate the extent which the New World tantalized and influenced the English during this time, it must have had some sway on the popular imagination of English society, including Shakespeare’s. In The Tempest, the character Gonzalo demonstrates an interest with the pristine island setting that represents English imperial yearnings. After being shipwrecked on the island, Gonzalo first notices the natural beauty of the island. He exclaims, â€Å"How lush and lusty the grass looks! How green! † (2. 1. 53). From his initial observation of the health of the island, Gonzalo’s interest in the island soon becomes opportunistic: â€Å"Had I plantation of this isle, my lord –† (2. 1. 140). When Gonzalo says â€Å"plantation,† he means colonization. Gonzalo initial admiration for the island transforms into a scheme to start a colony; he envisions his colony as the antithesis of industry, a utopic society of idleness. Gonzalo describes his â€Å"plantation† in the following manner: â€Å"I’ the common wealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic, Would I admit; no name of magistrate, Letter should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil; No occupations; all men idle, all, And women too, but innocent and pure; No sovereignty—† (2. 1. 144-52) In Gonzalo’s colony people just lie around with no one telling them what to do; in addition, the women all stay virgins. Gonzalo’s companions quickly point out the impossibility of his Eden-like scenario. Sebastian indicates, â€Å"Yet [Gonzalo] would be king on [the island]† (2. 1. 153) to which Antonio adds, â€Å"The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning† (2. 1. 154). From the comments by Sebastian and Antonio, it is clear Gonzalo’s scheme is not practical, but certainly Gonzalo’s sentiment must have appealed idealistically to English and Europeans tired of the social turmoil in the Old World. Benjamin Bertram notes in The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England contemporaneous to Shakespeare’s life, London’s mercantile interests, unemployment, overpopulation, and â€Å"[i]mmigrants from the province† all made colonial ventures appealing (58). Gonzalo’s fantasizing might tap into the socioeconomic conditions contemporary to the time of cultural production of The Tempest. For some Europeans the social turmoil of the Old World was a sore spot, yearning like Gonzalo for a fresh start and for a better society in the New World. French courtier Michel De Montaigne in his essay â€Å"Of the Cannibals† (1580) argues the New World inhabitants are no more barbarous or savage than the Old World denizens, suggesting things might be better in the case of the former. De Montaigne establishes, â€Å"I find (as far as I have been informed) there is nothing in that nation [the American Indians], that is either barbarous or savage, unless men call that barbarism which is not common to them† (119). De Montaigne alludes to the social problems of 16th century Europe in pointing out the hypocrisy of the Old World labeling the New World as â€Å"barbarous† or â€Å"savage. † Moreover, De Montaigne sees the New World inhabitants as closer to a natural state and less tainted by â€Å"human wit† when he observes, â€Å"It is a nation†¦that hath no kind of traffic, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrates, nor of politic superiority; no use of service, of riches, or of poverty; no contracts, no successions, but common, no apparel but natural, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corn, or metal† (120). Curiously, both Gonzalo and De Montaigne evoke the idea of unfettered idleness and non-use of wine, corn, and metal as a more natural society. Also, in painting an idyllic picture of the social items supposedly absent from the New World, De Montaigne overlooks that corn is a New World vegetable and that American Indians were familiar with the practice of fertilization, although maybe not â€Å"mannuring. † While a lot of De Montaigne’s generalizations of the New World inhabitants are arguable, he calls the readers attention to a litany of social items as evidence of the Old World tainted by â€Å"human wit. † However, De Montaigne sarcastically concludes that what the American Indians, supposedly, do with their dead is no more barbaric than what the Europeans do with the living by torturing people, stating â€Å"there is more barbarism in eating men alive than to feed upon them being dead; to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense, to roast him in pieces, to make dogs and swine to gnaw and tear him in mammocks†¦than to roast and eat him after he is dead† (120). De Montaigne’s relativistic view of transatlantic cultural practices demonstrates culture in the Old World was not necessarily better than culture in the New World. Some Europeans might have yearned for a reprieve from the rigid trapping of the Old World; the New World to them might have represented an opportunity for a fresh start, a chance to create a utopic society. The only problem was what to do about the indigenous people already there. The English public had a growing interest in the New World during Shakespeare’s lifetime, and The Tempest almost predicts the course of English imperialism would take. The exchange between Caliban and Prospero in Act 1 Scene 2 metaphorically represents the underlying conflicts plaguing indigenous people and English colonizers. Caliban represents prototypical native Other[3] as he argues against Prospero, the colonial master. Caliban’s articulation that he is the rightful owner of the island sounds like the universal grievance of many colonized people: â€Å"This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother, / Which thou tak’st from me† (1. 2. 335-6). Caliban’s ownership stems from his mother, a witch, who bore him on the island, and this claim is reminiscent of many indigenous people who trace their social beginnings through a creation myth fixing them to the land. As Caliban goes on, his description of the initial friendly relationship he had with Prospero, parallels the prototypical dealings between indigenous people and colonizers. Often this friendly period includes an exchange of items and information between the two parties. Caliban describes the following: When thou cam’st first, Thou strok’st me and made much of me, wouldst give me Water and berries in’t, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee And showed thee all the qualities o’ th’ isle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (1. 2. 337-43) Caliban attests he â€Å"showed† Prospero â€Å"the qualities† of the island, and in essence, Caliban taught Prospero how to survive on the island. This detail interestingly parallels the situation in Jamestown. B. J. Sokol in A Brave New World of Knowledge points out that â€Å"sojourning Europeans almost entirely depended upon the services of native inhabitants for material survival, and especially for food† (83). This grace period between indigenous people and colonizers, however, does not last forever. Sokol continues, â€Å"In both [The Tempest] and Virginia these services had at first been voluntarily offered [by Native Americans], then they were purchased or extorted, and finally there was refusal, resistance, and rebellion† (83). Soon the colonizer presses for more resources, more control over the land, and more control over the indigenous people: soon the indigenous people become the colonized. Caliban describes himself from the position of the colonized, â€Å"For I am all the subjects that you have, / Which first was mine own kin; and here you sty me / In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me /The rest o’ th’ island† (1. 2. 345-7). Caliban’s central grievance is how Prospero has stripped Caliban of his autonomy and his control over the island. The central grievance for many colonized people is how the colonizer strips self-direction and control over ancestral lands from the colonized. Richard Hakluyt in his essay â€Å"Reasons for Colonization,† written in 1584 about the Virginia colonial project (125), succinctly describes the intentions of the English imperialism: â€Å"The end of this voyage [to North America] are these: 1. ) To plant Christian religion. 2) To traffic. 3. ) To Conquer. Or, to do all three† (129). As demonstrated earlier, Caliban is unhappy with his conquered status, a status Prospero confirms when he rebuts Caliban’s grievances, â€Å"Thou most lying slave† (my emphasis, 1. 2. 347). Prospero interestingly goes on to indicate his own inherent superiority and Caliban’s inherent inferiority, a privileging central to any colonial situation. Prospero states, â€Å"I have used thee, / Filth as thou are, with humane care† (1. 2. 348-9). Prospero ascribes the quality of â€Å"filth† to Caliban and â€Å"humane†-ness to his own actions. As the Hakluyt states, the first objective of the colonizer is â€Å"to plant Christian religion† or bring morality to the heathen indigenous people. Prospero’s ultimate argument for supplanting Caliban evokes the moral order the colonizer supposedly brings, for Prospero states the reason he has enslaved Caliban is because Caliban sought â€Å"to violate/ The honor of [Prospero’s] child† (1. 2. 350-1). From the perspective of the colonizer Caliban attempted to rape Miranda; however, from the perspective of the lone indigenous person Caliban attempted to propagate his culture: â€Å"O ho! O ho! Would’t had been done! / Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled else / This isle with Calibans† (1. 2. 352-4). While this relativism does not absolve Caliban of attempting to forcefully procreate with Miranda, it does not absolve Prospero of enslaving Caliban either. Unfortunately, Prospero uses one crime to justify another crime: Caliban’s attempted rape leads to his enslavement at the hands of Prospero. Furthermore, when Miranda tries to instill Caliban with a sense of guilt over his attempted rape, she states she â€Å"endowed [Caliban’s] purposes / With words that made them known† (1. 2. 360-1). However, by endowing Caliban with the language of the colonizer, Miranda has merely indoctrinated Caliban in the ideology of the colonizer in which Caliban, the colonized, occupies the margin. The colonizer’s language is a burden upon the colonized, for in order for the two groups to communicate the onus is on the colonized to learn the colonizer’s language. Caliban concurs with this onus when he says, â€Å"You taught me language, and my profit on’t / Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you / For learning me your language! † (1. 2. 366-8). Another privileging in the imperial situation is the language and culture of the colonizer over the language and culture of colonized. For instance, Thomas Harriot spent time in the Virginia colony and wrote about the Algonquian people in Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia; his English contemporaries criticized him for learning the language of the Algonquians (Bertram 59). Bertram notes, â€Å"the English feared much more than foreign languages, as contact with foreign cultures inspired probing questions about cultural identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (59). Miranda’s effacement of Caliban’s language demonstrates her fear of foreign language and culture. Just as Caliban threatens Miranda’s physical sanctity, he also threatens her cultural sanctity by not communicating in the controlled discourse. Clearly, the conflict between Caliban and Prospero in The Tempest metaphorically represents the imperialistic conflicts between the colonized and the colonizer. Lastly, although Caliban can metaphorically represent the colonized Other, did Shakespeare intend Caliban to represent Native Americans specifically? Alden T. Vaughan in his article â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban† examines the history of The Tempest analysis which attempted to see Caliban as representative of Native Americans. Vaughan concludes, â€Å"If an intentionalist reading is insisted upon, and if early interpretations of Caliban are taken into account, his principal prototype was probably the European wild man of Renaissance literature and iconography† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). In addition, Ronald Takaki offers in â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness† the context surrounding the first performance of the play; also, he explains how Shakespeare’s audience might have perceived the character of Caliban. Takaki explains the following: [T]he timing of The Tempest was crucial: it was first performed after the English invasion of Ireland but before the colonization of New England, after John Smith’s arrival in Virginia but before the beginning of the tobacco economy, and after the first contacts with Indians but before full-scale warfare against them. This was an era when the English were encountering â€Å"other† peoples and delineating the boundary between â€Å"civilization† and â€Å"savagery. † The social constructions of both these terms were dynamically developing in three sites—Ireland, Virginia, and New England. (143) If Shakespeare’s audience saw Caliban as more man than monster, they likely conflated all known savage Others in their perception of Caliban. When Prospero says, â€Å"This thing of darkness [Caliban] I / Acknowledge mine† (5. 1. 275-6), Caliban could seem more monster than man, â€Å"darkness† meaning evil, or Caliban could seem more man than monster, â€Å"darkness† referring to skin color. It is unclear what Shakespeare intended; however, how people interpret Shakespeare is entirely another matter. Although Vaughan dismisses the notion Shakespeare intended Caliban to be Native American, he supports the notion that Caliban can metaphorically be seen as Native American, stating, â€Å"metaphoric readings of The Tempest have had equal legitimacy with the older literal approach† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). There are scholars who have a stake in seeing Caliban as solely meant to be Native Americans. An immediate thread of their inquiry is Caliban’s name, which might be an anagram from a variant spelling of the word canibal. John F. Moffitt and Santiago Sebastian in their text O Brave New People: The European Invention of The American Indian describe how the lurid European popular perception quickly associated cannibalism with the inhabitants of the New World. Moffit and Sebastian describe the following: Cannibalism was also the specific subcultural attribute of the aborigines of the Other World that, as might be expected, some European illustrators found most noteworthy. In a crude woodcut†¦, a German print of 1505†¦representing the earliest European depiction of American Indians†¦cannibalism becomes the foremost collective characteristic of the newly described peoples†¦. (264-5) While Europeans, according to Vaughan, were familiar with the concept of anthropophagi, or eaters of human flesh, such people were considered mythical (â€Å"People,† 15). Vaughan goes on to note, â€Å"So prominent did some accounts make the eating of human flesh that the word cannibal, from the Carib Indians who presumably practiced the vile custom, gradually replaced the older, more awkward, term for eaters of human flesh† (â€Å"People,† 15). Curiously, if Shakespeare meant to evoke the sensational trait of cannibalism ascribed to Native Americans by Europeans in his character Caliban, he does not develop the trait in the play. Conversely, if Caliban does not represent Native Americans, certainly the European characters within the play perceive his usefulness like Native Americans during the early 17th century. The play mentions dead or alive a Native American is profitable for displaying in England. Additionally, Trinculo notes, â€Å"[the English] will / lay out ten to see a dead Indian. (2. 2. 31-32). Later, Stephano schemes to capture Caliban, or as Vaughan euphemistically refers to Native Americans kidnapped by Europeans, â€Å"coerced American envoys† (â€Å"People,† 12). Stephano states, â€Å"If I can recover him [Caliban] and keep him tame and get / to Naples with him, he’s a present for any emperor that / ever trod on neat’s leather† (2. 2. 65-7). Although Caliban might have the same display value as a Native American in England, this fact does not necessarily make Caliban Native American. Within The Tempest, there is not enough strong evidence to support the reading that Shakespeare meant Caliban to be Native American. If Shakespeare intended Caliban to represent Native American then Leslie Fieldler notes, â€Å"Caliban’s attempt on Miranda’s virtue makes him ‘the first nonwhite rapist in white man’s literature’; his freedom song is ‘the first American poem’; and when he guzzles too much of Stephano’s wine, Caliban is ‘the first drunken Indian in Western literature’ (Vaughan, â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 148). Native Americans struggle enough with poor representation in American society; there is not a pressing need to demonstrate Shakespeare intended Caliban to be solely Native American if it results in additional derision. In contrast, Jeffrey L. Hantman in â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia† summarizes the 20th century importance of Caliban as a universal indigenous voice, â€Å"He is African, and he is Caribbean. He has been a native of Madagascar, Quebec, Cuba, Nigeria, Kenya, and Zambia. Today, he is sometime enslaved, and psychologically dependent, but he is also a guerilla, a revolutionary, and a hero† (71). Who Shakespeare intended Caliban to be is a non-issue for those who identify with Caliban. If people find an entryway into identifying with Caliban, then certainly Caliban becomes them as much as they become Caliban. Although it would be erroneous to claim Shakespeare meant The Tempest as an allegory for English Imperialism in the New World and Caliban solely represents Native Americans, the play does metaphorically represent English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of the play’s cultural production. A brief overview of England’s New World exploration and colonization demonstrates how the English perception of the New World and Native Americans transformed during the development of English imperialism. Within the play, Gonzalo’s interests in the island and his â€Å"plantation† scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World and an opportunity to develop a society closer to a natural state. Furthermore, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts that mar imperial relationship between indigenous people and the colonizer. Moreover, although Caliban does not represent specifically Native Americans, he can broadly represent all subjugated indigenous people. There are many congruencies between events in The Tempest and events during the late 16th and 17th century English imperialism. The Tempest is an example where Shakespeare was not necessarily predicting a future outcome but more likely articulating the trajectory of a present English course. Works Cited Bertram, Benjamin. The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 2004. De Montaigne, Michel. â€Å"From Of the Cannibals. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 119-20. Hakluyt, Richard. â€Å"Reasons for Colonization. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 125-34. Hantman, Jeffrey L. â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia. † New Literary History 23. 1 (1992): 69-81. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib., Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . Moffitt, John F. , and Santiago Sebastian. O Brave New People: The European Invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 10-88. Sokol, B. J. A Brave New World of Knowledge: Shakespeare’s the Tempest and Early Modern Epistemology. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 2003. Takaki, Ronald. â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 140-172. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Natives. † New World of Wonders: European Images of the Americas, 1492-1700. Ed. Rachel Doggett, et al. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. -. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban. † Shakespeare Quarterly 39. 2 (1988): 137-153. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib. , Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . [1] Throughout the paper instead of simply using the term â€Å"natives,† I use indigenous people because the term â€Å"natives† carries negative imperialistic connotations. [2] I use the term New World provisionally in order to describe the dichotomy between Europe, the supposed Old World, and their realization of the Americas, which they dubbed the New World. [3] While some scholars have argued that Shakespeare intended Caliban to be representative of Native American, this intentionality is problematic. I will examine this later in the paper.

Mummy Case of Paankhenamun Essay -- Archeology Egypt Analysis Essays

Mummy Case of Paankhenamun Works Cited Not Included The work I chose to analyze was from a wall fragment from the tomb of Ameneemhet and wife Hemet called Mummy Case of Paankhenamun, found in the Art Institute of Chicago. The case of the Mummy Paankhenamun is one of the most exquisite pieces of art produced by the Egyptian people during the time before Christ. This coffin belonged to a man named Paankhenamun, which translates to â€Å"He Lives for Amun† (Hornblower & Spawforth 74). Paankhenamun was the doorkeeper of the temple of the god Amun, a position he inherited from his father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interestingly, X-rays reveal that the mummy case of Paankhenamun does in fact contain a mummy inside dating back to the years of c. 945 – 715 B.C. The practice of mummification was the Egyptian people’s way of preserving the spirits of the Gods/Goddesses and royalty. The idea was that when these beings came back to life, they would be preserved and well prepared for their next lives. By the time of the New Kingdom, the Egyptians already had developed techniques of mummification, which were done under a priest’s supervision (Stokstad 114), and since Paankhenamun was the priest of Amun, he was most likely was in charge of these procedures. In the ancient Egyptian culture, the belief was that there was a life force and spirit inside of the body, known as the ‘Ka’. Therefore, mummification was performed as a ritual to preserve the physical features of the body as well as to protect its inner spirit, mainly to ensure that the ‘Ka’ could recognize the body where it may dwell in the eternal life. Thus, the funerary psychology of ancient Egyptians was that death did not bring an end to living, but instead was only an escape from the physical human life and a gateway to immortal being. Due to the fact that a being’s life span was short in ancient times, people’s main hopes rested in their afterlives, where they would be with the gods (Stockstad 121). Aside from being a priest, the importance of Paankhenamun’s position was due to his association with the Amun, who was a significant god of Egyptian Thebes. Viewed as chief divinity, Amun was often equated with the famous god Zeus and he even had his own worshiping cult (Freedman, 322). Moreover, Amun was originally one of the eight gods of Hermopolis, known as the god of air. However, at the time of the New Kingdom, this ch... ...rown, and in particularly gold. The gold color was used thoroughly, but due to ageing, it seemed to have changed shades and turned into brownish color (Freeman 321-2). An example of that could be illustrated by the face, which has a golden touch to it but is seen to be roughly all turning brown. These decorative features were also seen on other mummy coffins, such as on the coffin of Tutankhamun, found on the Valley of the Kings in Dynasty 18 (Stockstad 120-2). Tutankhamun’s case also demonstrated similar golden tones being used, which as a result of aging varnished and fainted in some areas to a darker golden- brownish and yellowish shade (Stockstad 123,125). The Mummy Case of Paankhenamun has great significant in that it provides us with very fundamental evidence from ancient history. It does not only exhibit a complex form of art, but it also demonstrates the religious practices of ancient Egyptians in association with their beliefs in life after death, as well as their great fascination with immortality. It not only teaches us about the great science of mummification, but it also provides us all with the incredible opportunity to learn about the life of an ancient person.

Richer Sounds - Competition Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Competition Competitive forces are the pressures put on a Business by other organizations which are competing to increase their share of the same market. The main competitors for Richer Sounds are broken into 4 main groups: 1. Large chain stores. E.g. Curry’s, Dixon’s and Comet 2. Small specialist shops 3. Large online electronic suppliers. E.g. QED-UK 4. Large online general supplier. E.g. Amazon and Tesco. These Businesses’ compete in many ways. The 3 main ways are Advertising, Lower Pricing/sales and through Market shares. With competition like that, Richer Sounds obviously has to work hard, and they seem to be doing well. Richer Sounds are constantly researching the sales prices of their competitors, so that they are able to reflect this knowledge on their sales prices, and come up with new strategies. I am now going to show you a SWOT Analysis I produced, for Richer Sounds. A SWOT Analysis is basically a diagram showing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of a Business. The strengths and weaknesses of a Business are internal; this means that Richer Sounds would have control of them. Opportunities and threats are external, this means that Richer Sounds can not control this, but must respond to it. Where there is a threat, there is a strength. Where there is a weakness, there is also an opportunity. Richer Sounds could respond to competitive forces in many ways. To respond to these competitive forces they wou...

Childcare: Child Development

Unit 1 – Understanding and promoting children and young people’s development Learners Declaration: I certify that the work submitted in this assignment is my own. Student Number.. eb1257620 Full Name †¦Mrs Debbie England Address†¦.. 1,Woodlands Residential Park Quakers Yard, Treharris CF46 5AR L/601/1693 Unit 1 NCFE LEVEL 3 EARLY LEARNING AND CHILDCARE Debbie England EB1257620 Q1a, Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years? 1a.All areas of development are important as each other, but children do not always develop at the same rate, but as soon as your bundle of joy is born they are their own little person. Areas of development from birth – 19 are : PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT including movement skills gross motor skills, fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination, from 0-6 months a child will turn head towards sounds and movement ,try to put everything in mouth, hold and reach out for things and reach to hold th eir feet whilst on back and when they are being fed they watch you and smile at a familiar face. Accompanying material: Explain the Reasons Why Children and Young People’s Development May Not Follow the Expected PatternBy the age of one a child has the ability to sit alone unaided. They are also getting inquisitive by looking for things that have been hidden, behind you or in your hand. Children also want to be picked up, so they lift arms up, they also want to stand up so they pull or push against adults or furniture, and not all children can crawl by this time but they might get around by shuffling on bottom or rolling around. Children also know their name by now and turn towards you when they are called, they like to play by passing objects from hand to hand and examine them by poking or prodding.By the age of two, a child has many talents, such as walking with or without toys, bending to pick up things from floor. Children have started to do a lot more with their hands such as Waving, pointing to what they want, building towers out of bricks, banging objects together and also feed themselves. And the ability to say no by shaking their head. You will also start to notice that they have a preference to which hand they want to use.By three years of age children are able to kick or throw a ball, kneel down to play with things and can build larger towers. Children also like water, so playing pouring with different shaped things is enjoyable for them . Between the ages of three and seven, children are more adept, they have mastered climbing stairs and gained more confidence to climb, walk on tiptoes and jump , also gained control of eating with cutlery which in turn should help with holding a crayon or pencil to draw.Throwing and kicking a ball with aim, using safety scissors and copying shapes and letters. As children get closer to seven they are climbing, jumping catching, skipping and riding a bicycle and are able to write. Between seven and twelve years of age children are experiencing the art of taking part in team games such as football, athleti cs etc. From twelve onwards we reach puberty. Not all girls and boys reach puberty at the same time, some are slower than others.Puberty can cause a lot of upset and anguish. For boys, at this age,, start getting taller, muscles start to grow, along with facial hair, their voice may break, they may experience acne due to oilier skin and it does not get any better because some boys experience slow pubertal growth so they feel different from the rest of their friends and causes upset and worry, so as a parent you need to be there to reassure them that their rate of development is not related to the final physical potential.For girls,, by the age of thirteen periods would have started, their breasts have developed and their bodies are fuller and rounder and by 15 it is likely that she has grown to her full height, some girls develop as early as eight, but some do not show changes until late teens. Sometimes it is hard for teenagers, they become totally preoccupied with their developmen t. They feel awkward and sometimes feel embarrassed. SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: includes forming relationships , learning social skills, self reliance, making decisions, caring for others and developing self-confidence and dealing with emotions. -3months, children of this age concentrate on an adults face when being fed and smiles, they respond to adults especially mothers face and voice and also very dependant on adults for comfort and reassurance when cuddled. Six -nine months children show affection to people they are used to ,but shy with strangers, they also like to play games like peek-a-boo. One to two years, children like to please people and like to be centre stage and perform, play along with other children, they can be cooperating but then can be istracted by unwanted behaviour and may become distressed if separated from a known adult, so they may need use a comfort object, e. g toy or blanket. Between two and three, a child will develop sense of own identity and s tart to be independent, act impulsively ,prone to bursts of emotional tantrums and demanding things, wanting things NOW, and craving attention. Three to four years, at this stage children become more caring to others, they like to share and they become more cooperative and want to help with everything. They also become more independent and more secure in unfamiliar places.Four to seven years, This age group need structure and routine to feel safe, when behaviour is bad they need limits to be set , they enjoy helping others. Often make friends but need a hand in resolving situations. They will learn a lot about the world and how it works , about people and relationships and develop understanding of rules. Seven to twelve years of age, Children start to form special relationships at about eight, they usually like to mix with children of same sex, because they become aware of own gender, they become less reliant on adults for support unless they need an adult to help sort out an argume nt.They enjoy being in groups of their own age but are strongly influenced by peers and want to fit into their rules. Children can be either arrogant, bossy or shy but they do develop an understanding that certain behaviour is not acceptable and why. Teenagers, teenagers become self-conscious as they notice changes to their body, they need reassurance more than anything else. Their body is going through emotional turmoil , they are tossed back and for between childish needs and adult desires, they are also being prepared for independence from their parents and closer to friends and relationships.Teenagers also get embarrassed and feel awkward and worry about making mistakes. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT. Between 0 and three years of age, realise others are separate from themselves, they imitate and try different ways of behaving in play and they become more confident but still need reassurance. Three to four year olds are able to sort objects by size, shape , colour and type, e. g anima ls . They can also understand two or three things to do at once e. g ` fetch that beaker of water, give it to your brother and take empty beaker back to kitchen. Five to seven year olds .At this age children begin to understand differences can exist side by side, and about sameness and difference in various aspects of life and are able to see that the same amount of porridge can look different in another container. Seven to twelve year olds, are able to do things for themselves, read, and take interest in certain things. Twelve to sixteen, At this age, children turn to their friends, they are less concerned about adult approval, they want to follow their peers, dress the same, have the same games, behave the same way even wear the same clothes.LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. Between 0 and three months , babies start to make happy sounds, they watch peoples faces and try to copy, and enjoys music and other sounds. Babbling sounds begin between six and twelve months, they will laugh or chuckle and feel pleasure by making squealing noises, they turn their head towards sounds. At one children start to put words together and understand key words. By two they start to understand the art of speech and start to copy and by two they can use thirty to one hundred and fifty words.Between two and three, children are able to put words into a sentence, they can join in with songs or nursery rhymes, scribble on paper and by the time they are three can be using several hundred words and like all children they start to ask what? , when? And why? Three to four year olds start to use pitch and tone, their vocabulary can be up to fifteen hundred words by now and including past tense, also their scribble becomes more controlled. Four to five year olds can steadily copy shapes and some letters, recognise their own name and words that are used regularly.They are also more able to use language to communicate ideas and grammar is more accurate. By using picture books children are able to follow , understand and enjoy the story. Questions that they ask becomes more complex. Five to seven years of age are fluent and able to make up stories, they handle books well, recognise more and more letters linking them to sounds and understand that text carries meaning. Seven to twelve years of age usually need help with spelling, adults introducing new words will help their vocabulary.Children can also read out loud and know the different tense and grammar and speak fluently explaining complicated happenings. Twelve to sixteen year olds can be quite irritating by using sarcasm and trying to be witty, but they are just testing their new sophisticated mental abilities. Their logical thinking is maturing and may enjoy a debate, it helps to practise verbal skills. Q1b, Explain how theorie s of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice? 1B.Theories related to child development, such as social and emotional skills can be divided into three schools of thou ght. 1. Biological – Genetic make up 2, L earning – Result of contact with others 3. Psychoanalytic – Combination of both biological and learning Each of the above has many theories supporting them. PIAGET.Jean piaget was a psychologist and philosopher and spent his professional life listening and watching children, his research found that children don’t think like adults and he suspected tha behind illogical statements were thought processes that had their own kind of order and logic. His background of biology and philosophy influenced his theories and research of child development. Piagets theory is based on the idea that children develop cognitive structures( mental maps ) for understanding and responding and their cognitive structure increase as they get older.He identified development stages. 1. Sensorimotor 2. Pre-operational 3. Concrete operations and 4. Formal operations. BRUNER Jerome Bruner is one of the best known psychologists and developed t he theory of cognitive growth, he looked at environmental and experimental factors that affect intellectual growth . He believed that children need to move more freely and be involved in their own learning, his ideas were based on catergorisation and believed that adults could support their children in their learning experiences.Bruner had a profound effect on education, his work is still influential to scientific studies today. He indicated four key themes in the process of education (1960). 1. Readiness for learning 2. Motives for learning 3. Intuitive and analytical thinking 4. The role of structure in learning. VYGOTSKY. Says that a child is brought up by culture which has two contributions to a child`s intellectual development 1st their knowledge , 2nd what to think.Cognitive development – children learn by problem solving. Language is a learning process and interacting contribute to a childs development. HOWARD GARDNER, stated that there at least seven intelligences whi ch link our individuality they are. 1. Verbal – linguistic 2. Musical. 3. Logical. 4. Spatial 5.Bodily kinaesthetic 6. Interpersonal. 7. Intrapersonal. MONTESSORI. Dr Maria Montessori, a scientist had a unique opportunity to study the thinking and learning skills in children and developed specific learning apparatus to help and including children who learn differently. She stated that the secret of good teaching is to regard the childs intelligence as a fertile field in which seeds may be sewn to grow under the heat of flaming imagination.Her theories and ways of educating children are used today e. g using music, language, hands on educational materials, games and muscle movements etc. Current child development theories, are that the first three years of life are critical to laying down the foundations for future learning. Babies need to be sung to, cuddled, touched, talk to and kept warm. There are three styles of learning Visual, Kinaesthetic and Auditory. In the early ye ars of life most children experience rapid and physical, emotional, intellectual and social growth.There are systems in place to intervene and identify signals that may cause future concerns. Practitioners work with parents and primary carers to listen to views so as to build on children`s experiences, knowledge and understanding and provide opportunities to develop in all areas. Q1c, Explain how to monitor children and young people`s development using different methods? 1C. To monitor a child`s development starts with, 1. Observation 2. Assessment 3. Planning 4. Implementation and 5. Evaluation.Observation, – observing children is an important role for a childcare practitioner to practise it is essential that they are able to assess progress and plan for the childs future. Observation can help identify any issues with the child, identify strengths and weaknessess, monitor development and how to respond in situations, and to add any improvement where needed, also share with p arents, collegues and specialists. By conducting observations you can learn more about a child, some characteristics on display maybe: 1.Skills and accomplishment 2. Personality and temperament 3. Interests and preferences 4. Level of cognitive and social development 5. Strategies for creating desired effects. Always obtain permission before using observation.Different methods are; Time sampling – at pre-planned times . Event sampling – Behaviour forms of Structured – create a particular activity. Naturalistic – usual routines Participative – be engaged in activity together Longitudinal – detailed observations Target child – use in groups to find out if they are getting worthwhile experiences.The skills are to be able to obtain information about the child Look – Know what you are looking for Listen – Take notice how conversations are with others Record – make accurate notes.Think – consider what you se e and what assessment would you make . Assessment,- is the process of analysing and reviewing what you currently know about the childs development. When you assess, you are making a judgement or decision on the childs progress. To make a valid assessment you must collect all relevant information needed, this should include the childs development, learning, health, behaviour, academic progress and the need for special services.Once information has been collected any assessment should be carried out by a childcare worker and based on Thorough knowledge of child development , Parents observations of their childs development and other practitioners observations who has worked with the child and analysis of observations of milestones and expectations. The results of the assessment can then be used for planning the individual care. Planning,- For the next steps in a childs development should be done on the information you obtained from the assessment.Any concerns should be discussed with the parents and collegues to identify any intervention that maybe required. Planned activities are experiences and opportunities that are thought about and planned in advance. Unplanned activities are some of the most important and effective learning opportunity arise spontaneously. In these instances you have to make the most of the opportunities. All childcare settings have a curriculum, even if they don’t use that word to describe the activities they provide for children. Child-centred planning is important because it focuses on the needs of the child.Allows children to take lead in learning based on own interests and helps to practice and develop old and new skills. Enables parents and staff to take time out to think and be in agreement what development needs individual children want. Plans are always based on the knowledge of the stage of development reached by the child concerned. Appropriate goals are set for the next stage of the childs development. Implementation, â €“ A long term developing plan should be put in place to lay out aims for learning over a year.It should represent the purpose behind the childcare worker`s practice and contain brief summary of what they want children to achieve. Short term plans are put in place to help practitioners plan activities weekly , it helps children to have a choice, either to have or try a new experience or activity that will encourage them in developing, and the plan should be adaptable for children at different stages of learning. When writing a short term plan it should outline; something to progress the developmental and learning needs of all children.Something of interest and supply enjoyment for all children. All the areas of learning in the early years foundation stage are covered. Do not discriminate against any child. And that setting has or can access the required resources. By creating a plan a childcare worker will be able to organise the environment List equipment and materials needed Identify the activities they want children to participate in.Set out their own participation in activities and set timing ( when and how long ) When creating an individual plan both child and parents can be involved, a child can contribrute can say what they like and what they don’t, and parents can contribute by given information about their childrens interests, experiences and activities at home .When creating plan the careworker must include the seven stages, which are : Assessing current stage in learning and development. Identify needs for further learning and development. Setting clear targets for achievement. Identify strategies for achievement. Intergrating plan into other plans of the setting. Implementing plan. Review plan.Individual plans should include ; Childs name Key workers name Date of plan Aims of plan Targets Strategies to help child achieve targets Date of next review Date and comments when aims and targets are reached. Evaluation – All plans n eed evaluating, reviewing or even re-planning. Everyone involved with the children play a part and staff should get together regularly to discuss plan in question and if anything needs re-thinking. 1. Do plans enable everyone working in setting to know what they are doing and how to do it? 2. Are plans enabling setting to be effective in progressing the childrens achievement in learning and development. If planning is not enabling one or both of these things to happen, it will have to use evidence collected to decide on appropriate changes to its plans , format or content.An important part of the evaluation plan is to inform parents how things are and for parents to explain their findings . Feedback creates good practice. Q1d,Explain the reasons why children and young people`s development may not follow the expected patterns? 1d,Children do not develop at the same rate as each other. Many children have growth spurts followed by a lull, their development may also not progress evenly across all areas. All children are individuals. Girls and boys going through puberty experience different things. Girls – If going through puberty early, her social development may not be keeping up with her physical growth, some girls can look grown up but still a child underneath. yet some girls are reaching full physical maturity and some are only beginning. Boys – some boys move into mid- puberty while others worry about their development. Their emotional state is constantly all over the place, their bodies are experiencing drastic changes which can cause emotional turmoil, all teenagers going through this could potentially cause disruption to development pattern. Some factors that can influence younger childrens development pattern are: Environmental and economic which consist of poor housing, lack of play facilities, low income families, lack of resourses and frequent changes in environment.Social – poor parenting, difficult family circumstances, few oppor tunities for one-to-one and few good role models. Emotional – conflict with family or peer group, family break up, moving house, death of a pet or family member, changes of childminder or a new arrival of a baby brother or sister. Medical – Long stays in hospital, illness of family member, ADHD, disability or frequent illnessess. Or in General – personality, immaturity, poor speech, temperament or becoming more independent. Most children experience rapid physical, emotional, intellectual and social growth, but for some children have major issues, and it is important to put systems in place where we can help children.Practitioners should work closely with parents and carers to listen to their views and to build on previous experiences, knowledge, understanding and skills and to provide opportunities to develop. Monitoring children is essential, when a child show signs of slow development, it is necessary to present different opportunities to use alternative appro aches to learning. Ongoing difficulties may indicate that they need extra help and support above what is normally offered. Early education settings are perfect for observing any changes in children`s development pattern because everything is recorded. Sometimes concerns are not noticed fully until later when a child is in formal education.Settings will determine what issues there are and able to set up programmes of support which the child may benefit from . Practitioners need to assess and assist the child in developing further in any area of their development. Disability can disrupt the development pattern also. A disabled child who cannot think or react or talk for themselves have to be assessed for specific needs and if they don`t get what they need interfere with their development pattern. Help childrens developing pattern by giving them what they need, that is by : Providing space, equipment, materials and activities for physical development .Giving praise, guidance , support, listening , supervision, provide opportunities to share in decisions and to take responsibility, be warm and affectionate and attentive and let them express themselves, for social and emotional development. And for intellectuall development, talk to them play I spy and dressing up , look and touch things, provide art and craft activities and include them in things like question and answers and laying the table etc. Language development includes asking questions, talking, discussing books, objects and ask them about themselves. Without these things the development wont follow the expected pattern. Q1e, Explain how disability may affect development?The early support programme is for families who have a disabled child under five, it is there to support families who leave hospital with a child with medical and physical needs and significant factors that could affect development. Long stays in hospital and long illnessess can also affect development. So can the lack of facilities. Carer s should obtain as much background information as possible to help to understand what the child needs. Disability may affect development if you do not provide the environments and resourses that they need, these include; Brightly coloured and textured toys . Toy`s and equipment with lights and moving parts. Large play and safety equipment. Painting with bright colours. Large print books and large print letters on computer keyboards. Mirrors and magnifying glasses and sensory activities. , for visual impairment.The other considerations are: Have good lighting. Encourage orderly movement around the school. Supervision in activities such as P. E , cooking and craft. Children with hearing impairment should be provided with : Music, movement, drama and dance activities. Craft and art. Story tapes and headphones. Reading, one to one stories and specialist computer programmes. Other considerations are: Look at the child when talking to them. Speak clearly and repeat yourself if they hav e not heard. Use visual aids, avoid distractions and use body language.Children with behavioural difficulties should be provide with: Quiet story times. One to one individual attention. Toys and activities that promote concentration. Large outdoor play area with lots of equipment. Sand and water for relaxing and dough for releasing aggression. Other considerations are: Give rewards. Minimise distractions. Make eye to eye contact. Speak clearly and give direct instructions. Avoid clutter. And distract children with an alternative activity ot toy. Ativities such as : Construction toys. Jigsaws. Sand and water play. Songs and rhymes. Music and instuments.Specialist computer programmes. Reading and looking at books. Painting will help with self-expression for children with autism, other considerations are: Be patient. Have a structured daily routine, children with autism cannot adjust to changes easily. Do not expect to keep eye contact but try to encourage it. Keep verbal instruction s brief. And provide activities for children to play individually. Children with physical disabilities, should be provided with: Stories. Role play. Sand, water, painting and dough all stimulate physical motor skills.Floor toys such as, cars, farm and large construction toys. Table-top activities such as crayons and paper. Painting. Sensory activities. And interactive play encourages other children to accept differences in other children. Other considerations are: Consider classroom layout. Install ramps, lifs and special toilets. Ensure chairs, tables and equipment are at a suitable height. And specialist equipment may be purchased such as special bicycles, scissors and triangle shaped pencils. Children with dyslexia should be given any activity or toy that does not need to use memory or organisation skills.Children with dysphasia should avoid music or movement activities. They may have low levels of concentration and may have difficulty doing jigsaws, sorting games and holding a pencil. Without all these things a disabled childs developed may be affected. Q1f,Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern? Early intervention is important because some children experience problems in the developmental process, and it is also important that there are systems in place to intervene and identify signals that may cause concern. Graduated response.Monitoring of a child`s progress is essential, if a child shows signs of slow development it may be necessary to present different opportunities or use different methods to learning, and or the child needs more support above what is normally available for children of same age. Early education settings are perfect to observe patterns of development, the settings determine what the issues are and set up programmes of support from which the child benefit. The early support programme – was developed by car ers practitioners and parents and it is used for families with disabled children and gives families and people working with children support, guidance and resourses . It promotes multi-agency working and the consistency of approach to the care and well-being of the child .Common assessment framework – is a key part of the governments aim of delivering frontline services that are focused on and around the needs of children and young people. It helps to identify needs and promotes coordinated service provision. Children with additional needs often require support from more than one agency or more than one local authority and they pull together the information they gather to identify aspects of the childs learning and development. Observation, – observing children is important for a childcare practitioner to practise because it is an essential element of being able to assess a childs development. It can be used to strengthen virtually every aspect of an early childhood pr ogramme.Methods of observation are: Time sampling Event sampling Participative observation Longitudinal â€Å" Taget child â€Å" Naturalistic â€Å" Structured â€Å" In order to make the most of any observation the observer should record what they have witnessed, and every child should have their own file, and only be used in ways to maintain confidentiality. Observation is how you find out the specific needs of individual children and you can then plan the next steps in the childs development and learning. Assessment – is the process of analysing and reviewing what you know about the childs current level of development and learning.When you assess you are judging what the next step will be for the child to improve. There are two types of assessing, formative and summative. Profiling – is a system of recording a childs personal achievements in all areas of development. There are now computer systems available that record childrens profiles and analyse many more options. After making observations and assessments you must use the results to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child. Any concerns about a childs progress should always be discussed with parents and colleagues to identify wheather intervention may be required.Planning includes : Planned activities Unplanned activities Child-centred planning Long term development plan Short term development plan Individual development plan Whaever the plan is, they all need evaluating, reviewing and maybe re-planning. The childcare setting should monitor the progress of each childs learning and development, it is important because it will enable the childcare worker to establish how far the child has moved the settings long term objectives for the child. Whether the learning and development of the child is moving towards achievement . Whether the settings planning and implementation of the EYFS is being effective in progressing the chil drens development.Apart from all of the above we have to provide the right environment so children can learn and develop , children thrive best in an environment that supports their active and learning development. Debbie England EB1257620 R/601/1694 Q2a, Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development? Observing a child at work or play will help you assess and provide evidence of the range of the childs work, progress and attainment over time. It will also enable you to find out about the specific care and learning needs of each child and subsequently plan the next steps in the childs development and learning.To make an assessment you should gather together all relevant information about the child. This information should contain observations over a period of time. Development Learning Health Behaviour Academic progress and need for special services Any assessment carried out should be based on: Thorough knowledge of child development. Parents obse rvations of their childs development during the time.Observations of other practitioners who have worked with the child. Analysis of observations of the child against milestones and approximate expectations. The result of the assessment can be used to develop or amend plans for a childs individual care, learning and development and gude any curriculum decisions. This may include any of the following actions: Plan for the childs next steps for learning in an individual learning plan. Set goals for individual children that are realistic and within their capabilities. Provide appropriate play activities to stimulate the next stage of development.Set realistic expectations for the childs behaviour. Identify any developmental delay and, in conjunction with the parents, consider the need to seek help from specialists. Provide individual help in a specific aspect of development where it has been observed as necessary. Suggest introducing a behaviour modification programme. Leave the curren t plans for a child unchanged because the setting is satisfied with the childs progress or development. The assessment should always be discussed with the parents and that the parents share the same views about their childs stage of development. Q2b. Explain the selection of the assessment methods used to assess children?Formative assessment – is based on observations, which inform or guide everyday planning. When performing a formative assessment you need to ask yourself. What do your observations and any other evidence of learning you have collected tell you about the childs learning and development? ( examples of art work, information from parents or a photo you took. ) What was new- was there something yoy had not observed before? When you do this regularly, you will gain evidence of the childs progress over time and you will gain insights into his/her learning, development and their future needs.It is important that a childs parents are included in the assessment proces s, so they can share their views and observations about the childs development and being involved in planning what opportunities and experiences should be offered to the child. Assessments might be required in different formats :eg Filling in a checklist Answering a series of questions or writing a free and unstructured description. You must know what format you are to record achievements, difficulties, behaviour, physical performance and comment on whether the child has reached the agreed targets. And make sure theres confidentiality. Summative assessment – Is a summary of all formative assessments carried out over a long period of time.The EYPS profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners, it summarises childrens progress towards the early learning goals. Within the final term of the EYPS providers must provide the parent of each child with:- A copy of EYPS profile if requested by parent. A written summary reporting childs progress against the early learni ng goals and the assessment scales. Details of the arrangements under which the EYFS profile and its results may be discussed with the parent. Planning for the next step in a childs development should be done on the information you have collected from your own observations , assessments and information from parents.Debbie England EB1257620 L/600/8782 Q3aExplain each of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent? Learners use all their sense to receive information. One or more styles is normally dominant. This dominant style defines the way a person learns new information. The learner may prefer one style of learning for one task, and a combination for another task. Carers should present information using all three styles of learning, it allows a learner to be presented with the other two methods as well, they all help children learn faster by reinforcing the material.Auditory learners often talk to themselves, they also move their lips and read aloud, th ey may have difficulties with reading and writing tasks. Many people assume reading is a visual action, although we see words, most of us process information by hearing ourselves say the words. Auditory learners fall into two categories. 1. The less understood auditory learners need to hear their own voice to process the information, they are those who need to talk it out. In a class setting when the instructor is not asking questions, auditory-verbal processors tend to mutter to themselves. 2. Some auditory learners prefer to listen both to themselves and others. Listeners are more likely to do well in school.Visual learners – linguistic and spacial, Visual learners prefer to see what they are learning, pictures and images help them understand ideas and information better than explanations, they may create a mental picture of what is being described. They may watch a speaker talk as well as listen. Visual – linguistic learners like to learn through reading and writin g tasks, they remember what has been written down. They also like to write down directions and pay better attention to lecturers if they watch them. Learners who are visual-spatial have difficulty with written language but do better with charts, videos, demonstrations and other visual materials. Kinaesthetic or tactile learners do best when touching or moving. Tactile learners want to touch.Kinaesthetic learners want to sense the position and movement of what they are working on. Even if they don`t get much from discussions or written materials , they may catch up by working through scenarios. Most classrooms don`t offer enough opportunities to move or touch. Sometimes we can sense the way they process information by what they say. A visual learner may say â€Å"I see your point† An auditory learner may say â€Å"I hear what your saying†. A kinaesthetic learner may say â€Å" I feel we are moving in the right direction†. All areaof development are important and all impact on one another.Physical development includes all movement skills and can be supported by providing Space Materials Equipment and Activity Social development include learning social skills, emotions, caring for others, self reliance, decision making, developing self confidence and forming relationships and can be supported by providing Praise Guidance Giving children chance to spend time with others Activities Encouragement Opportunities Listen to children Supervision Emotional development can be supported by Being warm and affectionate Opportunities to express how they feel Making them feel safe , secure and valued Giving them time and attention Intellectual development includes attention span Reasoning Developing memory Logic thinking and questioning Understanding information and can be supported by providing Games like I spy Getting children to help you Asking and answering questions Activities Playing make-believe Looking at plants, animals etc Talk about what they have seen Look at computers with them.Language development includes understanding and aquiring language, vocabulary and body language and can be supported by Asking questions Discussions about books, pictures etc Ask children to give information about themselves Ask children to recall something from the past. By using all these learning and developing methods , which work interdependently, help the child learn by experience, contact with others and environment.Adults who support this learning and developing process play a crucial part in ensuring that children gain maximum benefits. Children learn by doing, imagining what they have been doing and then turning what they know into symbols such as speech, drawing and writing. Q3b. Describe the documented outcomes for children that form part of the relevant early years framework? Documented outcomes should consist of a short discription of how the child demonstrates the three characteristics of effective learning. Playing an d exploring Active learning Creating and thinking critically.These discriptions must reflect on going observations of the child within formative assessment processes and should take account of all relevant records held by the setting and include information from the child, their parents and other relevant adults. Playing and exploring – engagement . Finding out and exploring is concerned with the childs open-ended hands-on experiences which result from innate curiosity and provide raw sensory material from which the child builds concepts, tests ideas and finds out. Using what they know in their play describes how children use to play to bring together their current understandings, combining, refining and exploring their ideas in imaginative ways. Representing experiences through imaginative play supports the development of narrative thought, the ability to see from other perspectives and symbolic thinking.Being willing to have a go refers to the child finding an interest, in itiating activities, seeking challenge, having a `can do ` orientation, being willing to take a risk in new experiences, and developing the view of failures as opportinities to learn. Active learning – motivation Being involved and concentrating describes the intensity of attention that arises from children concentrating on following a line of interest in their activities. Keeping on trying refers to the importance of persistence even in the face of challenge or difficulties an element of purposeful control which supports resilience. Enjoying achieving what they set out to do refers to the reward of meeting one`s own goals,building on the intristic motivation which supports long-term success, rather than relying on the approval of others.Creating and thinking critically – thinking Having their own ideas covers the critical area of creativity – generating new ideas and approaches in all areas of endeavour. Being inventive allows children to find new problems as they seek challenge, and to explore ways of solving these. Using what they already know to learn new things refers to the way in which children develop and link concepts, find meaning in sequence, cause and effect and in the intentions of others through both narrative and scientific modes of thought. Choosing ways to do things and finding ways involves approaching goal-directed activity in organised ways making choices and decisions about how to approach tasks, planning and monitoring what to do and being able to change strategies. The following etails listed below are the ares of learning of the early years foundation stage 1. Listening and attention 2. Understanding 3. Speaking 4. Moving and handling 5. Health and self-care 6. Self-confidence and self awareness 7.Managing feelings and behaviour 8. Making relationships 9. Reading 10. Writing 11. Numbers 12. Shape,space and measures 13. People and communities 14. The world 15.Technology 16. Exploring and using media and mate rials 17. Being imaginative. During final year of the early years framework practitioners must undertake ongoing (formative) assessment to support each childs learning and development. There is no requirement that this is recorded in any specific manner or at specified points in time, practitioners should be mindful of their professional responsibilities for the learning and development of every child in their care and plan the provision needed to enable children to take the next steps in their learning .In the final term of the EYFS practitioners must make a judgement for each child using information from all sources to make a judgement for each ELG. Practitioners must make a judgement for each ELG as to whether the childs learning and development is best described by:- The description of the level of development expected at the end of EYFS (expected) Not yet at the level of development expected bt the end of the EYFS(emerging) and Beyond the level of development expected by the end of the EYFS (exceeding). Q3c. Explain how the documented outcomes are assessed and recorded? PLEASE UPLOAD YOUR ASSIGNMENT ONTO THE VLC IN THE UNIT 1 SUBMISSION AREA Learning OutcomesAssignment question 1 L/601/1693 1-3 a. Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years. b. Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. c. Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. d. Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected patterns. e. Explain how disability may affect development. f. Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. 2 R/601/1694 1-2 a.Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. b. Explain the selection of the assessment metho ds used to assess children. 3 L/600/8782 1,3,5 a. Explain each of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent. b. Describe the documented outcomes for children that form part of the relevant early years framework. c. Explain how the documented outcomes are assessed and recorded. d. Explain how practitioners promote children’s learning within the relevant early years framework. e. Explain the importance of engaging with a child to support sustained shared thinking. f. Reflect on own practice in supporting learning and development of children in their early years.

New York by Gas-Light Essays

New York by Gas-Light Essays New York by Gas-Light Essay New York by Gas-Light Essay New York by Gas-Light and Awful Disclosures can be called a number of things, but â€Å"earnest reform tracts† is probably something that should be excluded from the list. New York by Gas-Light has one critical redeeming value: George Foster had a magnificent subject that had largely been unexploited by other journalists in his day: New York City.   New York had grown at an breakneck pace, becoming in just a few decades the first true American metropolis.   At the same time, Americans’ appetite to know about this strange, somewhat sordid place had also grown, and Foster was entirely willing to satisfy the public’s desire to know.   Reading through his fifteen sketches, one finds descriptions intended to arouse and perhaps to shock his readers, but there is no serious call to clean up the vice of the city. Consider a few examples: female prostitution is invariably the result of man’s individual villainy in seducing and betraying the pure being who trusts her destiny to his keeping – or of the monstrous crime of society which dooms its daughters to degradation, want and misery from which no virtuous effort of theirs can ever rescue them.   Let society heed this one simply truth, and apply a thorough and efficient remedy, by furnishing the means of comfortable and happy existence to women who would be virtuous and exclude from its presence all men who are guilty of seduction or libertinism, or who have trifled with the sacred affection of woman, in any form.   The nine-tenths of all crime and suffering will be at once abolished from the face of the earth.   But this is something to be prayed fro rather than hoped for. Indeed, given the prominence that Foster attained through his writing, one wonders how fervently he prayed that these conditions end.   Describing â€Å"Five Points,† he waxes eloquent: This is indeed a sad sight, an awful sight a sight to make the blood slowly congeal and the heart to grow fearful and cease its beatings.   Here, whence these streets diverge in dark and endless paths, whose steps take hold on hell here is the very type and physical semblance, in fact, of hell itself. Foster gives no suggestion that he want to remedy the vices he found in such places as Five Points.   Given the success that he enjoyed with New York by Gas-Light, it seems unlikely he did. New York by Gas-Light is not entirely accurate.   Foster took a number of journalistic liberties in his writing, but it can still be classified as non-fiction.   That cannot be said of Awful Disclosures, which was a calculated fraud.   Maria Monk was never a nun and was never in the Hotel Dieu Nunnery.   Monk had suffered a brain injury as a child, and she apparently could not differentiate between reality and elaborate fictions.   She collaborated with several vehemently anti-Catholic Protestant ministers, to produce a book that described the nunnery in Montreal as an elaborate prison in which nuns were held as slaves for priests. While there is the absence of explicit details about sex acts that might be expected for a piece of this period, there are many details of sadistic punishments meted out against nuns for the slightest resistance.   Infanticide is described in some detail, this being the supposed means of disposing of any accidental children born of the liaisons of the lascivious priests with their sexual servitors. (Monk, 99-101, 128)   Bondage and gagging are described as punishments. (Monk, 105-06, 114-15)   In a remarkably cold scene, she describes the murder of a nun and the dumping of her body into a lime pit. (Monk, 59-65) While Foster wrote New York by Gas-Light as a profit-making venture, the purpose for creating the elaborate hoax of Awful Disclosures is more devious.   The book was created as an attack on Catholicism.   In the 1830s, nativist Protestants felt themselves threatened by Catholicism.   To counter this, and following the literary success of Six Months in a Convent in 1832, Maria Monk’s backers created their pseudo-pornographic account of life in a Montreal nunnery.   The book has since been exposed as completely fictional.   An investigator who was enter the Hotel Dieu Nunnery reported that Maria Monk’s description of the arrangement of the rooms (Monk, 35-40) was hopelessly inaccurate. (Schultz, xv-xix)   As inquiries continued, it was discovered that Maria Monk had never been a nun, had apparently been confined for a considerable time to an asylum, and was a common prostitute rather than the victim of priestly sexual abuse.   Nevertheless, Awful Disclosures remained a remarkable bestseller for many years. (Schultz, xviii-xix)

Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages

The Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Soldiers through the Ages. Through the history of humanity we have waged war on each other. These wars have been fought in the names of religion, governments, personal vendettas and just plain foolishness. But there has always been one terrible side effect of war that was largely ignored or falsely interpreted and that is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or Shell Shock. The actual name of the disorder has gone through many changes as time has progressed, due to different theories on how it occurred and how it affected certain people. These names include; Exhaustion , Railway Hysteria , Soldier’s Heart , Shell Shock and Combat Fatigue . Although the names have changed, the overall definition of this disorder has not. In the â€Å"PTSD Manual†, a manual used by the military more or less as a handbook in the field for commanders and medics, it defines PTSD as; â€Å"A psychological condition experienced by a person who had faced a traumatic event which caused a catastrophic stressor outside the ranges of usual human experience (an event such as war, torture, rape, or natural disaster)† (Mil Vet PTSD Manual). PTSD was first officially recognized by the government in the early 1800 when it called â€Å"exhaustion†. They realized that soldiers had been showing extreme signs of stress after battles in the War of 1812. But this puzzled doctors because soldiers back then were not supposed to show signs of stress of fear in battle, because of the patriotism they were supposed to feel for their country. However, as we know today they were suffering terribly due to lack of treatment. In 1876 Dr. Mendez DaCosta published a paper on Civil War combat vets diagnosing â€Å"Soldier’s Heart†, showing that the usual symptoms were extreme startle responses, hyper-vigilance and heart arrhythmias. During the 1900’s WWI was in full swing and thousands of soldiers were coming home strick... Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages The Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Soldiers through the Ages. Through the history of humanity we have waged war on each other. These wars have been fought in the names of religion, governments, personal vendettas and just plain foolishness. But there has always been one terrible side effect of war that was largely ignored or falsely interpreted and that is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or Shell Shock. The actual name of the disorder has gone through many changes as time has progressed, due to different theories on how it occurred and how it affected certain people. These names include; Exhaustion , Railway Hysteria , Soldier’s Heart , Shell Shock and Combat Fatigue . Although the names have changed, the overall definition of this disorder has not. In the â€Å"PTSD Manual†, a manual used by the military more or less as a handbook in the field for commanders and medics, it defines PTSD as; â€Å"A psychological condition experienced by a person who had faced a traumatic event which caused a catastrophic stressor outside the ranges of usual human experience (an event such as war, torture, rape, or natural disaster)† (Mil Vet PTSD Manual). PTSD was first officially recognized by the government in the early 1800 when it called â€Å"exhaustion†. They realized that soldiers had been showing extreme signs of stress after battles in the War of 1812. But this puzzled doctors because soldiers back then were not supposed to show signs of stress of fear in battle, because of the patriotism they were supposed to feel for their country. However, as we know today they were suffering terribly due to lack of treatment. In 1876 Dr. Mendez DaCosta published a paper on Civil War combat vets diagnosing â€Å"Soldier’s Heart†, showing that the usual symptoms were extreme startle responses, hyper-vigilance and heart arrhythmias. During the 1900’s WWI was in full swing and thousands of soldiers were coming home strick...

South Africa Geography and History

South Africa Geography and History South Africa is the southernmost country on the African continent. It has a long history of conflict and human rights issues but it has always been one of the most economically prosperous nations in southern Africa due to its coastal location and the presence of gold, diamonds and natural resources. Population: 49,052,489 (July 2009 est.)Capital: Pretoria (administrative capital), Bloemfontein (judiciary), and Cape Town (legislative)Area: 470,693 square miles (1,219,090 sq km)Coastline: 1,738 miles (2,798 km)Highest Point: Njesuthi at 11,181 feet (3,408 m) History of South Africa By the 14th century C.E, the region was settled by the Bantu people who migrated from central Africa. South Africa was first inhabited by Europeans in 1488 when the Portuguese arrived at the Cape of Good Hope. However, permanent settlement didnt occur until 1652 when the Dutch East India Company established a small station for provisions on the Cape. In the following years, French, Dutch and German settlers began to arrive in the region. By the late 1700s, European settlements were spread throughout the Cape and by the end of the 18th century the British controlled the entire Cape of Good Hope region. In the early 1800s, in an effort to escape British rule, many native farmers called Boers migrated north, and in 1852 and 1854, the Boers created the independent Republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. After the discovery of diamonds and gold in the late 1800s, more European immigrants arrived in South Africa and this eventually led to the Anglo-Boer Wars, which the British won, causing the republics to become part of the British Empire. In May 1910, though, the two republics and Britain formed the Union of South Africa, a self-governing territory of the British Empire, and in 1912, the South African Native National Congress (eventually called the African National Congress or ANC) was founded with the goal of providing blacks in the region with more freedom. Despite the ANC in an election in 1948, the National Party won and began passing laws enforcing a policy of racial separation called apartheid. In the early 1960s, the ANC was banned and Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid leaders were convicted of treason and imprisoned. In 1961, South Africa became a republic after it withdrew from the British Commonwealth because of international protests against apartheid and in 1984 a constitution was put into effect. In February 1990, President F.W. de Klerk, unbanned the ANC after years of protest and two weeks later Mandela was released from prison. Four years later on May 10, 1994, Mandela was elected as South Africas first black president and during his time in office he was committed to reforming race-relations in the country and strengthening its economy and place in the world. This has remained the goal of subsequent governmental leaders. Government of South Africa Today, South Africa is a republic with two legislative bodies. Its executive branch is its Chief of State and Head of Government- both of which are filled by the president who is elected for five year terms by the National Assembly. The legislative branch is a bicameral Parliament composed of the National Council of the Provinces and the National Assembly. South Africas judicial branch is made up of its Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Appeals, High Courts and Magistrate Courts. South Africas Economy South Africa has a growing market economy with a plethora of natural resources. Gold, platinum and precious stones such as diamonds account for nearly half of South Africas exports. Auto assembly, textiles, iron, steel, chemicals and commercial ship repair also play a role in the countrys economy. In addition agriculture and agricultural exports are significant to South Africa. Geography of South Africa South Africa is divided into three major geographic regions. The first is the African Plateau in the countrys interior. It forms a portion of the Kalahari Basin and is semiarid and sparsely populated. It slopes gradually in the north and west but rises to 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) in the east. The second region is the Great Escarpment. Its terrain varies but its highest peaks are in the Drakensberg Mountains along the border with Lesotho. The third region are the narrow, fertile valleys along the coastal plains. The climate of South Africa is mostly semiarid; but, its eastern coast regions are subtropical with mainly sunny days and cool nights. South Africas west coast is arid because the cold ocean current Benguela, removes moisture from the region which has formed the Namib Desert that extends into Namibia. In addition to its varied topography, South Africa is famous for its biodiversity. South Africa currently has eight wildlife reserves, the most famous of which is Kruger National Park along the border with Mozambique. This park is home to lions, leopards, giraffes, elephants and hippopotamus. The Cape Floristic Region along South Africas west coast is also important as it is considered a world biodiversity hotspot which is home to endemic plants, mammals and amphibians. More Facts about South Africa South Africas population estimates must account for excess mortality due to AIDS and its affect on life expectancy, infant mortality and population growth rates.South Africa divides its governmental power among three capitals. Bloemfontein is the capital of the judiciary, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Pretoria is the administrative capital. Resources and Further Reading Centrail Intelligence Agency. (2010, April 22). CIA - The World Factbook South Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.) South Africa: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107983.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2010, February). South Africa (02/10). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm

Copyright enforcement - Digital Piracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Copyright enforcement - Digital Piracy - Essay Example Thus, policymakers necessitate assessing and calibrating their copyright policies in order to ensure that these strategies can effectively reduce the number of digital piracy events and provide creators with ample incentives to generate new things. The paper deals with understanding different issues regarding piracy in the digital environment. The major objective is to understand the attempts made through enforcement of law and also to provide certain solutions in order to avoid the detrimental occurrences of digital copyright piracy (Litman, 2006). Overview of Digital Piracy In present days, digital products have much demand in the market particularly for young consumers. The easy reproduction and sharing of digital products makes it very attractive to transmit the pirated contents with less effort and time. Those who are related with digital breach of copyrighted products also take the benefit of this market, where young consumers frequently prefer convenience rather than quality, particularly when expediency is a vital aspect (for instance, movie or live program of a major sporting event) (OECD, 2009). Unlike other markets, the products of digital market have a large number of suppliers whose major objective is to achieve more acknowledgements and appreciations within a peer group, rather than making profit. Hence, these suppliers provide free access to users for enjoying the digital content. This activity is continued because the cost of imitation and distribution of digital products is negligible. Unlike other industries, where copyright possessors need to struggle with pirates, who provide the similar products at a much lower cost, in the digital products market, the copyright possessors also require competing with pirates who are ready to provide the similar digital products at almost zero cost. In these circumstances, the non-price aspects such as authority, accessibility and quality have become particularly vital in permitting digital product suppliers to sustain in the market. The basis for survival of illegal digital piracy, where pirated products are traded against certain price, seems counterintuitive due to high competition from genuine product providers and introduction of several open access websites. When digital pirates function in the market they probably can enjoy remarkably high amount of revenue by taking advantage of low cost activities, particularly if they are capable of misrepresenting them in front of the users as genuine creators of digital products and can charge price accordingly (OECD, 2009). The pirates of digital products function in different nations which come under different jurisdictions, thus having different regulations. These differences obstruct the efficiency of legal enforcement for preventing digital piracy activities, further making it more challenging and expensive. Nations that have strong copyright protection have low rate of piracy events. However, without effective enforcement of laws, cop yright protection cannot be succeeded. Moreover, the flexibility of digital piracy provides pirates an opportunity to change their functions effortlessly to those markets where legal commands are poor (OECD, 2009). Influencers of Digital Piracy The major influencer of digital piracy is computer. The features of computer along with internet simplify the collection and distribut

Race and Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Race and Racism - Essay Example Thesis statement: An investigation by exploring the factors, historical evolution, and ways that changed the meaning of race to racism. I. The factors that change the meaning of race throughout history The factors that change the meaning of race mainly include phenotypic /geographic features, cultural characteristics, ethnic characteristics, and socio-economic status. A. Phenotypic /geographic features: One can easily identify that the phenotypic characteristics of human race is closely related to its physiological properties which deeply influence behaviour traits and genetic characteristics. To be specific, the phenotypic characteristics of a race differentiate the same from other races. But the phenotypic features that can be seen among different races are not based upon scientific foundation (Rattansi, 2007, p.75). Still, the physical features that can be seen among the members of different human groups are different. From a different angle of view, the phenotypic characteristics of a specific race are forwarded to the next generation by the means of inheritance. Besides, this continuation of genetic peculiarities undergoes modification and deeply influenced hereditary and environmental factors in general. The geographic features that can be seen among different races are closely related to their surroundings. These geographic features are helpful to differentiate and identify the similarities and differences among different races with innumerable numbers of genetic features. B. Cultural characteristics: The cultural characteristics acquired by different races are indebted to its origin, growth and development. Besides, the term/concept of culture was originated in Europe (18th and 19th Centuries) and is related to the sphere of improvement in different fields of human development. The concept of cultural characteristics within the evolution of different races can be defined as the development through education, by means of folklore culture or literature. E thnic groups can be defined on the basis of specific cultural characteristics (Ritzer, 2009, p.439). To be specific, the people who share certain genetic and cultural characteristics can be termed under a specific ethnic group. Within this scenario, cultural characteristics of the evolution of race transformed itself into national aspirations. Later in 20th century, the term culture acquired importance in the field of anthropology. The importance of cultural characteristics of a specific race can be evaluated as the human capacity to encompass almost all the experiences and to act according basic instincts and to transfer it into imagination and creativity. In addition, the cultural characteristics are closely related to the living condition of different races. After the World War II, the term cultural characteristics acquired a different meaning and importance by connecting it with the development of human race as a whole. C. Ethnic characteristics: The ethnic feature of different races within human race is an important factor that did change the meaning of race throughout history. For instance, one’s ethnic feature helps one to differentiate oneself from other races or to find similarities within one’s own race. Besides, the ethnic feature helps different races to create cohesiveness within a specific ethnic